The goal of this research was to investigate creating and deepening hidden and informal identity on students who are users of Cellular phones and internet. The method of the research is a survey one. Statistical sample was 450 individuals including girl and boy students of Kharazmi University whose age domain was among 18 to 25. They were selected through random sampling method. A questionnaire having been validated was done in spring 2012 on both male and female students. Data analysis was performed through SPSS software. The results showed that Cellular phone and internet technology were effective in the formation of hidden and informal identity of users. Moreover, the amount of the information of the family of students on their way of using hidden features of Cellular phone and internet was significantly lower than that of their close friends. The comparison between female and male students on using the hidden features of Cellular phones and internets showed that female users welcome these features more significantly than male users.

Background and Aim: At present Cellular phones have become very popular, raising concerns about their effect on the health of users. Some studies have shown that use of Cellular phones gives rise to a decrease in salivary antioxidative potential. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of lycopene on salivary superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and the total antioxidative capacity (TAC) of the saliva in Cellular phone users. Material and Methods: The present clinical trial was conducted on 20 volunteers with no oral diseases, who used Cellular phones in Zahedan Dental faculty at 2017. The subjects’ salivary samples were collected before and one month after taking lycopene and the activities of salivary superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide and the total antioxidative capacity of the saliva were evaluated. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21. Wilcoxon signed rank was used to compare before and after measurmenrs. Results: The superoxide dismutase levels before and after taking lycopene were 108. 37± 16. 18 and 138. 16± 20. 8, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P=0. 001). The glutathione peroxidase levels before and after taking lycopene were 693. 06± 9. 05 and 676. 65± 63. 45 u/mL, respectively with a statistically significant difference (P=0. 001), total antioxidant capacity before and after taking lycopene were 267. 72± 156. 64 and 147. 83± 120. 63 μ mol/lit respectively with a statistically significant difference (P=0. 001) Conclusion: It seems that, use of lycopene in Cellular phone uses resulted in an improvement of salivary antioxidative system, increasing the odds of elimination of free radicals by the saliva.

The effect of Cellular phone handset dimensions on radiation pattern, impedance and resonance frequency is investigated. The hand-set body is modeled by an appropriate three-dimensional wire-grid structure with a λ/4 monopole antenna as its radiating source. The governing electric field integral equation (EFIE) is solved in the time domain, using the method of moments (MoM). The validity of the model is demonstrated by comparing the wide-band results of the antenna input impedance with those available in the literature. It is shown that at current operating frequencies, a regular handset dimensions has minimal effect on the antenna radiation pattern and impedance, and hence modeling of a handset by its antenna (monopole) is sufficient.

Background: With regard to wide spectrum application of microwave in human life, its biological effects on tissues are still under debate.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 950 MHz microwave radiation on morphometric changes of prostate in rabbit.Methods: In this experimental study, 18 New Zealand male rabbits (11-13 weeks old) were randomly divided into control, 3 W and 6 W groups in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2012. The rabbits in the experimental groups were exposed to simulated 950 MHz and 3 or 6 W microwave radiation 2 hours a day for 2 weeks. After one week rest, the rabbits were sacrificed using anesthetic drugs and the prostate tissue samples were prepared. After preparing microscopic slides, villous height, villous thickness and muscle layer thickness were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test.Findings: The villous height was significantly decreased in the 3 W group compared to the control and 6 W groups while it was significantly increased in the 6 W group compared to the control group. The villous thickness was increased in both experimental groups compared to the control group but the difference was statistically significant for 6 W group. Increased villous thickness was not different between the experimental groups. The muscle layer thickness was significantly increased in both experimental groups compared to the control group.Conclusion: With regards to the results, it seems that the microwave radiation with 950 MHz frequency has negative effects on morphometric changes of prostate in rabbit.

Background: There is currently great concern about the possible adverse effect of microwave radiation from cell phones. In addition, noise is one of the physical pollutants of modern societies. The present study aimed to examine the separate and simultaneous effects of cell phone microwaves, noise, and their effects on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity in adult male rats.Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted on 28 Wistar adult male rats (200-250 g). Randomly selected animals were divided into four groups; control (C), microwave (M), noise (N), and noise plus microwave (NM) groups. In all groups, a sperm analysis was performed based on World Health Organization (WHO) standards and the mean of the sperms’ total antioxidant capacity was determined by a Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assay. The data were analyzed by a one way ANOVA statistical technique, followed by a Tukey's test using SPSS (version 16) software and p<0.05 was considered significant.Results: The findings of the study demonstrated that sperm viability and motility, in the exposure to cell phone waves group (group 2) and the simultaneous exposure to cell phone waves and noise group (group 4), decreased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity of sperm in all exposure groups decreased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: Exposure to cell phone waves can decrease sperm viability and motility in adult male rats. These waves can also lower rat sperms’ total antioxidant capacity which results in oxidative stress. Exposure to severe noise levels can cause a significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity of sperm in adult male rats, resulting in oxidative stress.

PURPOSE: To investigate effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted by cell phones on the rat kidney tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one male Albino rats were divided into 3 groups, each comprising 7 rats. Group 1 was exposed to a cell phone in speech mode for 8 hours/day for 20 days and their kidneys were removed. Group 2 was exposed to EMR for 20 days and then their kidneys were removed after an interval of 20 days. Cell phone used in the present study was Philips Genie 900, which has the highest specific absorption rate on the market. RESULTS: Light microscopic examination of the kidney tissues obtained from the first group of rats revealed glomerular damage, dilatation of Bowman's capsule, formation of large spaces between the tubules, tubular damage, perivascular edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The mean severity score was 4. 64 ± 1. 7 in group 1, 4. 50 ± 0. 8 in group 2, and 0 in group 3. While there was no significant difference between group 1 and group 2 (P >. 05), the mean severity scores of groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than that of the control group (P =. 001 for each). CONCLUSION: Considering the damage in rat kidney tissue caused by EMR-emitting cell phones, high-risk individuals should take protective measures.

Background: Given the wide range of microwave applications in human life, their effects on biological tissues are still controversial.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 950 MHz cell phone microwave radiation on morphometric changes of testis in rabbit.Methods: In this experimental study, 18 New Zealand male rabbits were randomly divided into control, 3 W and 6 W groups. Unlike the control group, the experimental groups were exposed to simulated 950 MHz and 3 or 6 W microwave radiation 2 hours a day for 2 weeks. After one week rest, the animals were sacrificed using anesthesia and microscopic slides were prepared from their testis. The seminiferous tubular diameter and spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid and sperm counts were determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis.Findings: The number of spermatogonia cells in the 6 W group was decreased significantly compared to the control group and the 3 W group. There were no significant differences between the 3 W group and the control group in terms of the spermatogonia cell count. Spermatocyte cell count and spermatid cell count were found to be significantly different between 3 groups. Sperm count was significantly different between the 6 W group and the control group.Conclusion: With regards to the results, it seems that the microwave radiation with 950 MHz frequency can lead to detrimental effects on rabbit spermatogenesis by changing the number of spermatogenetic cell line.

Background: There is currently great concern about the possible adverse effect of microwave radiation from cell phones. In addition, noise is one of the physical pollutants of modern societies.Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the separate and simultaneous effects of cell phone microwaves, noise, and their effects on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity in adult male rats.Material and Methods: An experimental study was conducted on 28 Wistar adult male rats (200 - 250 g). Randomly selected animals were divided into four groups, control (C), microwave (M), noise (N), and noise plus microwave (NM) groups. In all groups, a sperm analysis was performed based on World Health Organization (WHO) standards and the mean of the sperms’ total antioxidant capacity was determined by a Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assay. The data were analyzed by a one way ANOVA statistical technique, followed by a Tukey’s test using SPSS (version 16) software and P<0.05 was considered significant.Results: The findings of the study demonstrated that sperm viability and motility, in the exposure to cell phone waves group (group 2) and the simultaneous exposure to cell phone waves and noise group (group 4), decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05).Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity of sperm in all exposure groups decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Exposure to cell phone waves can decrease sperm viability and motility in adult male rats. These waves can also lower rat sperms’ total antioxidant capacity which results in oxidative stress. Exposure to severe noise levels can cause a significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity of sperm in adult male rats, resulting in oxidative stress.